空手用語
Courtesy of the JKA of New York / New Jersey
○ Pronunciation ○ Numbers ○ Stances ○ Arm Attacks
○ Leg Attacks ○ Levels of Attacks ○ Blocks ○ Dojo Kun
○ Kata
○ Kumite ○ General Terms ○ Tournament Terms
発音 All vowels are
short and pronounced as follows:
あ "a" as in
"father"
い "i" as in
"teen" except shorter
う "u" as in
"boot" except shorter
え "e" as in
"bet"
お "o" as in
"boat" except shorter and without the off-glide
Longer vowel sounds are the same sounds as
above, but given more time.
あゝ "aa," a longer
"a"
いゝ "ii," a longer
"i"
うゝ "uu," a longer
"u"
えゝ "ei," a longer
"e"
おゝ "oh," a longer
"o"
Except for the above, if you see two or
more vowels in a row, they are each pronounced clearly without becoming a
single diphthong. An apostrophe is used where a glottal stop occurs (like
between the "n" and the second "a" when pronouncing
"an apple").
Consonants always take their "hard " sounds. So
"gi" is
pronounced with a hard "g" (i.e., not "ji"). "Ch" is always as
in "cheese."
The hyphens don't mean anything but serve
to distinguish separate syllables when it might be ambiguous, or to separate a
word into two semantic parts. There shouldn't be a pause for hyphens.
Parentheses are used whenever a word might
be omitted by some people, or if the translation could mean more than one
thing. For example, "nukite," literally only means "spear hand," which is
just the name of the "weapon" you form with your hand, but it is also often
used to mean the attack, "spear-hand thrust." So "thrust" is in
parentheses.
Quotation marks are used on the English
side to distinguish between literal translations of the Japanese terms from
their more figurative meanings (quotes indicate literal translation).
数字
一 1 ichi
二 2 ni
三 3 san
四 4 shi (yon)
五 5 go
六 6 roku
七 7 shichi (nana)
八 8 hachi
九 9 ku (kyuu) (Q)
十 10 juu
When counting for class, just pronounce
the first syllable of bisyllabic numbers (i.e., ich, rok, shich, hach), for
shorter, sharper counting.
立ち方
八字立ち hachiji-dachi
(hachinoji-dachi) -- ready stance
前屈立ち zenkutsu-dachi -- front stance
後屈立ち koh-kutsu-dachi -- back stance
騎馬立ち kiba-dachi -- horse stance /
saddle stance
猫足立ち neko-ashi-dachi -- cat stance
壮鎮立ち sochin-dachi / fudoh-dachi --
"immovable" stance
三戦立ち sanchin-dachi --
"hourglass" stance
半月立ち hangetsu-dachi -- "half
moon" stance
手技
突 き tsuki -- punch
順突き oi-zuki -- lunge punch
逆突き gyaku-zuki -- reverse punch
刻突き kizami-zuki -- jab punch
抜き手 nukite -- spear-hand
(thrust)
裏 拳 ura-ken -- back hand
(strike)
猿 臂 empi -- elbow (strike)
足技
蹴 り keri -- kick
前蹴り mae-geri -- front (snap)
kick
廻蹴り mawashi-geri -- round house kick
蹴込み (yoko-geri) kekomi -- side thrust
kick
蹴上げ (yoko-geri) keage -- side snap kick
後蹴り ushiro-geri -- back (thrust)
kick
標的
上段 joh-dan "upper level" /
face
中段 chuudan "middle level" /
stomach / solar plexus
下段 gedan
"lower level" / groin
受技
挙げ受け age-uke
rising block
腕 受け ude-uke
"arm block", outside block
外 受け soto-uke
outside block (see above)
内 受け uchi-uke
inside block
下段払い gedan barai down block / "lower
level sweep"
猿臂受け empi-uke elbow
block
手刀受け shuto-uke
knife-hand block
流し受け nagashi-uke
"flushing block" / deflecting block
掻き分け kakiwake-uke two-handed
"separating" block
諸手受け morote-uke double forearm
block
十字受け juuji-uke two-handed
"cross" block,
(heian godan)
背腕受け haiwan-uke (two-handed)
"back arm" block,
(heian nidan)
背手受け haisyu-uke (two-handed)
"back knife-hand" block,
(heian yondan)
縦手刀受け tate-shuto-uke half knife-hand block,
(chinte)
押さえ受け osae-uke
dropping palm block,
(nijyuu-shi-ho)
落とし受け otoshi-uke dropping
forearm block
開掌開け受け kaisyo-ake-uke open palm
rising block,
(kanku-dai)
開掌十字受け kaisyo-yuuji-uke open-palm
x block,
(heian godan)
手刀下段払い syuto-gedan-barai knife-hand down block
形
Translations are approximate
transliterations of the Chinese characters used to "spell" the kata
names.
形 kata; image(s), 型 form(s)
平安初段 heian shodan -- "stable and
secure / stable peace, first level"
平安二段 heian nidan -- ditto,
"second level"
平安三段 heian sandan -- ditto,
"third level"
平安四段 heian yondan -- you get the
idea
平安五段 heian godan
鉄騎初段 tekki shodan -- "iron
horseman," "first level"
鉄騎二段 tekki nidan
鉄騎三段 tekki sandan
抜塞・大 bassai dai --
"destroying a fortress: A
抜塞・小 bassai sho [shoh] --
"destroying a fortress:B
燕飛 empi -- "flight of
the swallow"
慈恩 jion -- "compassion
and favor." Buddhist term
and the chinese
temple.
観空・大 kankuu dai -- "observing
the sky/emptiness:A
観空・小 kankuu sho [shoh] -- "observing
the sky/emptiness:B
十手 jutte / jitte -- "ten
hands" or Òshape of Òcloss handsÓ
半月 hangetsu -- "half
moon"
二十四歩 nijuushiho --
"twenty-four steps"
岩鶴 gankaku -- "boulder crane"
(the bird on a rock)
壮鎮 sochin [soh-chin] -- "strength
and control"
雲手 unsu [unsuu] -- "cloud
hands"
五十四歩大 gojuushiho (dai) --
"fifty-four steps:A
五十四歩小 gojuushiho sho
[shoh]
-- "fifty-four steps:B
明鏡 meikyo [meikyoh] -- "bright
mirror"
慈陰 ji'in -- "compassion
and shadow."
Related to jion,
shadow of jion kata.
珍手 chinte -- "rare
hands"
王冠 wankan -- "king's
crown"
(*) Kata with "lesser" or "greater" attached
("sho" or "dai") don't
really mean "lesser" or "greater" in any sense. It's just a
way of distinguishing two different kata as A or B.
組手
組手 kumite -- sparring
基本五本組手 (kihon) gohon
kumite
-- (basic) five-step sparring
基本三本組手 (kihon) sanbon
kumite --
(basic) three-step sparring
基本一本組手 (kihon) ippon
kumite
-- (basic) one-step sparring
自由一本組手 jiyuu ippon kumite -- semi-free
one-step sparring
自由組手 (jiyuu) kumite -- free sparring
一般用語
基本 kihon basic(s) /
foundation, fundamental technics
気合い ki-ai "spirit focus" / a focusing yell: to
meet your spirit
to hear (to
become) one: mental and physical
極め kime "concentration" /
focus: very end, up to the limit
礼 rei bow /
to see each otherÕs (manner of correct form),
to
respect, to show your correct form (surface and mind)
用意 yoh-i "get
ready" / often a command to stand in
hachinoji-dachi,
be-ready with total reluxation
止め yame stop, stop performance (no
action)
休め yasume rest, relax (with big breathing) / 休んで yasun-de
廻れ maware / 廻って mawa-tte
turn
並んで narande line up / usually follow
from left: senior
始め hajime begin, start
黙想 mokusoh " meditation" /
contemplation
(to think of no
thinking state)
道場 dojo [doh-joh] "place to learn the way (of
Karate, or Life)Ó
道場訓 dojo kun dojo
desiderata
正座 seiza
"proper sitting" / kneeling
師範 shihan
"master teacher" / above 6th dan
師範代 shihan-dai vice-shihan
先生 sensei teacher (the
person who has lived and
experienced before
you, so to guide you)
先輩 sempai senior student
(the student who started to learn before you)
(this term may not
be used to the person who becomes
the teacher, may
call sensei, instead is more respectful)
後輩 koh-hai junior student,
follower
衣・着 gi uniform
級 kyu levels
below black belt, counting down from
8th kyu
to 1st kyu
段 dan steps
showing mastery of the art, starting
from 1st
dan
押忍 osu
acknowledgement / Used as a salutation
between
practitioners.
One says: short-cut of Onegai-shimasu
ÒThank
you for teachingÓ,
or Ohayo-gozaimasu ÒGood MorningÓ
競技用語
組手試合 kumite-shiai sparing match
集合 syuu-goh come closer (for
the judges)
副審集合 fuku-shin syuu-goh corner judges come closer
礼 rei
bow
正面に礼 shoumen-ni-rei bow to front
お互いに礼 o-tagai-ni-rei bow to each other (to
respect)
並んで narande line up / usually follow
from left, senior student
用意 yoh-i
"get ready" / often a command to stand
in hachinoji-dachi
勝負一本 shoubu-ipponn ready to match / for the point
始め hajime
begin, start
止め yame
stop
一本 ippon
one point
技あり waza-ari half point
反則 hansoku penalty
(lost of match)
警告 kei-koku warning /1st
of 3(3 as hansoku)
注意 cyuui caution
/ 2of 3 (3 as hansoku)
場外 jo-gai
outside of field
失格 shikkaku out of
qualufication
中へ naka-e
return to the in field (return to the line)
元の位置へ motono-ichi-(e) return to the line
続けて始め tsuzukete-hajime (continue) begin, start
あとしばらく ato-shibaraku 30 seconds left
それまで soremade that it, finish
match
弱い yowai
(technic) weak, technic incorrect (form or focus)
間合い ma-ai
distance (between opponent is far)
赤・早い aka-hayai red
(contestant is), faster
白受けている shiro-ukete-iru white, blocked
赤抜けている aka-nukete-iru red, off terget
白当たっている shiro-atatte-iru white, contact (hit)
判定 hantei
judgement (decision)
赤の勝ち aka-no-kachi red, winner
残心 zanshin awareness
(preparation for sudden attack)
道場訓
一つ、人格完成に努むること hitotsu, jinkaku
kansei ni tsutomurukoto.
Seek perfection of character.
一つ、誠の道を守ること hitotsu, makoto no
michi wo mamorukoto.
Be faithful.
一つ、努力の精神を養うこと hitotsu, doryoku no
seishin wo yashinaukoto.
Endeavor.
一つ、礼儀を重んずること hitotsu, reigi wo
omonzurukoto.
Respect others.
一つ、血気の勇を戒しむること hitotsu, kekki no
yuu wo imashimurukoto.
Refrain from
violent behavior.
The language is archaic Japanese and doesn't do too well under
direct translation. In the United States, these are generally translated as
shown above right column.
2008 ⓒ JKA of NYNJ
mail to
Sources:
Courtesy of the Yale Shotokan
Karate Club. and JKA of New
York / New Jersey
Karate-do: My Way of Life, Gichin Funakoshi.
"Karate -- Yesterday and Today," Dynamic Karate, Masatoshi
Nakayama.